# =============================================================================
# April 24 2025
# R code used to produce all results, tables, and figures in the SI Online Appendix G.5
# Rebecca Cordell
# Unpacking the Role of In-Group Bias in US Public Opinion on Human Rights Violations
# American Journal of Political Science
# https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/TGAL7M
# =============================================================================

# Clear work environment
rm(list=ls())

# Install Packages
#install.packages("dplyr")
#install.packages("ggplot2")
#install.packages("forcats")
#install.packages("ggpubr")
#install.packages("ggeasy")
#install.packages("lemon")
#install.packages("sandwich")
#install.packages("survey")
#install.packages("lmtest")
#install.packages("remotes")
#remotes::install_version("cregg", version = "0.4.0")

# Required Packages
library("dplyr")
library("ggplot2")
library("forcats")
library("ggpubr")
library("sandwich")
library("survey")
library("lmtest")
library("cregg")
library("ggeasy")
library("lemon")

options(scipen = 999)
options(warn=-1)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Read in data
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

hr_survey<-read.csv("cordell_ingroupbiashumanrights_data.csv", header=TRUE, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

# =============================================================================
# Figure G.5.1: Effect of Group Identity Attributes, Atypical Profiles Check Excluding Violations Carried out by Civilian Militia Groups
# =============================================================================

# Subset profiles excluding a civilian militia group
excl_civmil<-hr_survey[hr_survey$agent!="a civilian militia group",]

# Convert regression variables into factors
factor_vars <- c("perp_match", "agent", "type", "scope", "targ_nonstate",
                 "targ_race_match", "targ_relig_match", "targ_citiz_match",
                 "frame", "elite_match")
excl_civmil[factor_vars] <- lapply(excl_civmil[factor_vars], as.factor)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate marginal means
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Model 1
fig_g5_1_m1 <- cregg::cj(excl_civmil, outcome1 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_race_match + targ_relig_match + targ_citiz_match + frame + elite_match, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset group identity dummy variables
group_vars <- c("perp_match", "targ_race_match", 
                "targ_relig_match", "targ_citiz_match", 
                "elite_match")
fig_g5_1_m1 <- fig_g5_1_m1[fig_g5_1_m1$feature %in% group_vars,]

# Model 2
fig_g5_1_m2 <- cregg::cj(excl_civmil, outcome2 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_race_match + targ_relig_match + targ_citiz_match + frame + elite_match, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset group identity dummy variables
fig_g5_1_m2 <- fig_g5_1_m2[fig_g5_1_m2$feature %in% group_vars,]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prepare figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Combine models
fig_g5_1_all <- rbind(fig_g5_1_m1, fig_g5_1_m2)

# Create group identity variable labels
variable_labels <- c(
  "perp_match" = "Perpetrator (partisanship)",
  "targ_race_match" = "Target (race)",
  "targ_relig_match" = "Target (religion)",
  "targ_citiz_match" = "Target (citizenship)",
  "elite_match" = "Elite cue (partisanship)"
)
fig_g5_1_all <- dplyr::bind_rows(
  fig_g5_1_all,
  do.call(rbind, lapply(names(variable_labels), function(variable) {
    data.frame(
      outcome = c("outcome1", "outcome2"),
      variable = variable_labels[variable],
      level = variable_labels[variable],
      estimate = NA, lower = NA, upper = NA
    )
  }))
)

# Create respondents variable (in-groups vs. out-groups)
fig_g5_1_all <- fig_g5_1_all %>%
  mutate(
    Respondents = case_when(
      grepl("_in", level) ~ "In-group",
      grepl("_out", level) ~ "Out-group",
      level %in% c("Perpetrator (partisanship)", "Target (race)", 
                   "Target (religion)", "Target (citizenship)", "Elite cue (partisanship)") ~ "In-group",
      TRUE ~ level
    ),
    Respondents = factor(Respondents, levels = c("In-group", "Out-group"))
  )

# Set factor order
level_order <- c(
  "Perpetrator (partisanship)", "perp_in", "perp_out",
  "Target (race)", "race_in", "race_out",
  "Target (religion)", "relig_in", "relig_out",
  "Target (citizenship)", "citiz_in", "citiz_out",
  "Elite cue (partisanship)", "elite_in", "elite_out"
)
fig_g5_1_all <- fig_g5_1_all %>%
  mutate(level = factor(level, levels = level_order) %>% fct_rev())

# Separate models
fig_g5_1_m1 <- filter(fig_g5_1_all, outcome == "outcome1")
fig_g5_1_m2 <- filter(fig_g5_1_all, outcome == "outcome2")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Create panel (a) Disapproval forced-choice
fig_g5_1_m1_plot <- ggplot(fig_g5_1_m1, aes(x = level, y = estimate, colour = Respondents)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c(
    "", "Elite cue (partisanship)", "", 
    "", "Target (citizenship)", "", 
    "", "Target (religion)", "", 
    "", "Target (race)", "", 
    "","Perpetrator (partisanship)",""
  )) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0.5, size = 0.2, color = "black") +
  scale_y_symmetric(mid = 0.5) +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(a) Disapproval forced-choice") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  labs(color = NULL)

# Create panel (b) Disapproval ratings-based
fig_g5_1_m2_plot <- ggplot(fig_g5_1_m2, aes(x = level, y = estimate, colour = Respondents)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c(
    "", "Elite cue (partisanship)", "", 
    "", "Target (citizenship)", "", 
    "", "Target (religion)", "", 
    "", "Target (race)", "", 
    "","Perpetrator (partisanship)",""
  )) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(b) Disapproval ratings-based") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  labs(color = NULL)

# Print Figure G.5.1
pdf('figure_g5_1.pdf', width = 8.26, height = 5.82)
ggarrange(fig_g5_1_m1_plot, NULL, fig_g5_1_m2_plot,
          nrow = 1, common.legend = T, legend = "bottom", ncol=3, widths = c(1, 0.09, 1))
dev.off()

# =============================================================================
# Figure G.5.2: Effect of Group Identity Attributes, Atypical Profiles Check Excluding Violations Targeting Journalists
# =============================================================================

# Subset profiles excluding journalists
excl_journal<-hr_survey[hr_survey$targ_nonstate!="journalists",]

# Convert regression variables into factors
excl_journal[factor_vars] <- lapply(excl_journal[factor_vars], as.factor)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate marginal means
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Model 1
fig_g5_2_m1 <- cregg::cj(excl_journal, outcome1 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_race_match + targ_relig_match + targ_citiz_match + frame + elite_match, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset group identity dummy variables
fig_g5_2_m1 <- fig_g5_2_m1[fig_g5_2_m1$feature %in% group_vars,]

# Model 2
fig_g5_2_m2 <- cregg::cj(excl_journal, outcome2 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_race_match + targ_relig_match + targ_citiz_match + frame + elite_match, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset group identity dummy variables
fig_g5_2_m2 <- fig_g5_2_m2[fig_g5_2_m2$feature %in% group_vars,]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prepare figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Combine models
fig_g5_2_all <- rbind(fig_g5_2_m1, fig_g5_2_m2)

# Create group identity variable labels
fig_g5_2_all <- dplyr::bind_rows(
  fig_g5_2_all,
  do.call(rbind, lapply(names(variable_labels), function(variable) {
    data.frame(
      outcome = c("outcome1", "outcome2"),
      variable = variable_labels[variable],
      level = variable_labels[variable],
      estimate = NA, lower = NA, upper = NA
    )
  }))
)

# Create respondents variable (in-groups vs. out-groups)
fig_g5_2_all <- fig_g5_2_all %>%
  mutate(
    Respondents = case_when(
      grepl("_in", level) ~ "In-group",
      grepl("_out", level) ~ "Out-group",
      level %in% c("Perpetrator (partisanship)", "Target (race)", 
                   "Target (religion)", "Target (citizenship)", "Elite cue (partisanship)") ~ "In-group",
      TRUE ~ level
    ),
    Respondents = factor(Respondents, levels = c("In-group", "Out-group"))
  )

# Set factor order
fig_g5_2_all <- fig_g5_2_all %>%
  mutate(level = factor(level, levels = level_order) %>% fct_rev())

# Separate models
fig_g5_2_m1 <- filter(fig_g5_2_all, outcome == "outcome1")
fig_g5_2_m2 <- filter(fig_g5_2_all, outcome == "outcome2")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Create panel (a) Disapproval forced-choice
fig_g5_2_m1_plot <- ggplot(fig_g5_2_m1, aes(x = level, y = estimate, colour = Respondents)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c(
    "", "Elite cue (partisanship)", "", 
    "", "Target (citizenship)", "", 
    "", "Target (religion)", "", 
    "", "Target (race)", "", 
    "","Perpetrator (partisanship)",""
  )) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0.5, size = 0.2, color = "black") +
  scale_y_symmetric(mid = 0.5) +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(a) Disapproval forced-choice") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  labs(color = NULL)

# Create panel (b) Disapproval ratings-based
fig_g5_2_m2_plot <- ggplot(fig_g5_2_m2, aes(x = level, y = estimate, colour = Respondents)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c(
    "", "Elite cue (partisanship)", "", 
    "", "Target (citizenship)", "", 
    "", "Target (religion)", "", 
    "", "Target (race)", "", 
    "","Perpetrator (partisanship)",""
  )) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(b) Disapproval ratings-based") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  labs(color = NULL)

# Print Figure G.5.2 
pdf('figure_g5_2.pdf', width = 8.26, height = 5.82)
ggarrange(fig_g5_2_m1_plot, NULL, fig_g5_2_m2_plot,
          nrow = 1, common.legend = T, legend = "bottom", ncol=3, widths = c(1, 0.09, 1))
dev.off()

# =============================================================================
# Figure G.5.3: Effect of Group Identity Attributes, Atypical Profiles Check Excluding Torture Violations
# =============================================================================

# Subset profiles excluding torture
excl_tort<-hr_survey[hr_survey$type!="torture",]

# Convert regression variables into factors
excl_tort[factor_vars] <- lapply(excl_tort[factor_vars], as.factor)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate marginal means
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Model 1
fig_g5_3_m1 <- cregg::cj(excl_tort, outcome1 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_race_match + targ_relig_match + targ_citiz_match + frame + elite_match, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset group identity dummy variables
fig_g5_3_m1 <- fig_g5_3_m1[fig_g5_3_m1$feature %in% group_vars,]

# Model 2
fig_g5_3_m2 <- cregg::cj(excl_tort, outcome2 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_race_match + targ_relig_match + targ_citiz_match + frame + elite_match, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset group identity dummy variables
fig_g5_3_m2 <- fig_g5_3_m2[fig_g5_3_m2$feature %in% group_vars,]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prepare figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Combine models
fig_g5_3_all <- rbind(fig_g5_3_m1, fig_g5_3_m2)

# Create group identity variable labels
fig_g5_3_all <- dplyr::bind_rows(
  fig_g5_3_all,
  do.call(rbind, lapply(names(variable_labels), function(variable) {
    data.frame(
      outcome = c("outcome1", "outcome2"),
      variable = variable_labels[variable],
      level = variable_labels[variable],
      estimate = NA, lower = NA, upper = NA
    )
  }))
)

# Create respondents variable (in-groups vs. out-groups)
fig_g5_3_all <- fig_g5_3_all %>%
  mutate(
    Respondents = case_when(
      grepl("_in", level) ~ "In-group",
      grepl("_out", level) ~ "Out-group",
      level %in% c("Perpetrator (partisanship)", "Target (race)", 
                   "Target (religion)", "Target (citizenship)", "Elite cue (partisanship)") ~ "In-group",
      TRUE ~ level
    ),
    Respondents = factor(Respondents, levels = c("In-group", "Out-group"))
  )

# Set factor order
fig_g5_3_all <- fig_g5_3_all %>%
  mutate(level = factor(level, levels = level_order) %>% fct_rev())

# Separate models
fig_g5_3_m1 <- filter(fig_g5_3_all, outcome == "outcome1")
fig_g5_3_m2 <- filter(fig_g5_3_all, outcome == "outcome2")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Create panel (a) Disapproval forced-choice
fig_g5_3_m1_plot <- ggplot(fig_g5_3_m1, aes(x = level, y = estimate, colour = Respondents)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c(
    "", "Elite cue (partisanship)", "", 
    "", "Target (citizenship)", "", 
    "", "Target (religion)", "", 
    "", "Target (race)", "", 
    "","Perpetrator (partisanship)",""
  )) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0.5, size = 0.2, color = "black") +
  scale_y_symmetric(mid = 0.5) +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(a) Disapproval forced-choice") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  labs(color = NULL)

# Create panel (b) Disapproval ratings-based
fig_g5_3_m2_plot <- ggplot(fig_g5_3_m2, aes(x = level, y = estimate, colour = Respondents)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c(
    "", "Elite cue (partisanship)", "", 
    "", "Target (citizenship)", "", 
    "", "Target (religion)", "", 
    "", "Target (race)", "", 
    "","Perpetrator (partisanship)",""
  )) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(b) Disapproval ratings-based") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  labs(color = NULL)

# Print Figure G.5.3
pdf('figure_g5_3.pdf', width = 8.26, height = 5.82)
ggarrange(fig_g5_3_m1_plot, NULL, fig_g5_3_m2_plot,
          nrow = 1, common.legend = T, legend = "bottom", ncol=3, widths = c(1, 0.09, 1))
dev.off()

# =============================================================================
# Figure G.5.4: Effect of Group Identity Attributes, Atypical Profiles Check Excluding Violations Affecting Twenty People
# =============================================================================

# Subset profiles excluding twenty people
excl_twenty<-hr_survey[hr_survey$scope!="twenty",]

# Convert regression variables into factors
excl_twenty[factor_vars] <- lapply(excl_twenty[factor_vars], as.factor)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate marginal means
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Model 1
fig_g5_4_m1 <- cregg::cj(excl_twenty, outcome1 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_race_match + targ_relig_match + targ_citiz_match + frame + elite_match, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset group identity dummy variables
fig_g5_4_m1 <- fig_g5_4_m1[fig_g5_4_m1$feature %in% group_vars,]

# Model 2
fig_g5_4_m2 <- cregg::cj(excl_twenty, outcome2 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_race_match + targ_relig_match + targ_citiz_match + frame + elite_match, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset group identity dummy variables
fig_g5_4_m2 <- fig_g5_4_m2[fig_g5_4_m2$feature %in% group_vars,]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prepare figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Combine models
fig_g5_4_all <- rbind(fig_g5_4_m1, fig_g5_4_m2)

# Create group identity variable labels
fig_g5_4_all <- dplyr::bind_rows(
  fig_g5_4_all,
  do.call(rbind, lapply(names(variable_labels), function(variable) {
    data.frame(
      outcome = c("outcome1", "outcome2"),
      variable = variable_labels[variable],
      level = variable_labels[variable],
      estimate = NA, lower = NA, upper = NA
    )
  }))
)

# Create respondents variable (in-groups vs. out-groups)
fig_g5_4_all <- fig_g5_4_all %>%
  mutate(
    Respondents = case_when(
      grepl("_in", level) ~ "In-group",
      grepl("_out", level) ~ "Out-group",
      level %in% c("Perpetrator (partisanship)", "Target (race)", 
                   "Target (religion)", "Target (citizenship)", "Elite cue (partisanship)") ~ "In-group",
      TRUE ~ level
    ),
    Respondents = factor(Respondents, levels = c("In-group", "Out-group"))
  )

# Set factor order
fig_g5_4_all <- fig_g5_4_all %>%
  mutate(level = factor(level, levels = level_order) %>% fct_rev())

# Separate models
fig_g5_4_m1 <- filter(fig_g5_4_all, outcome == "outcome1")
fig_g5_4_m2 <- filter(fig_g5_4_all, outcome == "outcome2")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Create panel (a) Disapproval forced-choice
fig_g5_4_m1_plot <- ggplot(fig_g5_4_m1, aes(x = level, y = estimate, colour = Respondents)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c(
    "", "Elite cue (partisanship)", "", 
    "", "Target (citizenship)", "", 
    "", "Target (religion)", "", 
    "", "Target (race)", "", 
    "","Perpetrator (partisanship)",""
  )) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0.5, size = 0.2, color = "black") +
  scale_y_symmetric(mid = 0.5) +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(a) Disapproval forced-choice") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  labs(color = NULL)

# Create panel (b) Disapproval ratings-based
fig_g5_4_m2_plot <- ggplot(fig_g5_4_m2, aes(x = level, y = estimate, colour = Respondents)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c(
    "", "Elite cue (partisanship)", "", 
    "", "Target (citizenship)", "", 
    "", "Target (religion)", "", 
    "", "Target (race)", "", 
    "","Perpetrator (partisanship)",""
  )) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(b) Disapproval ratings-based") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  labs(color = NULL)

# Print Figure G.5.4
pdf('figure_g5_4.pdf', width = 8.26, height = 5.82)
ggarrange(fig_g5_4_m1_plot, NULL, fig_g5_4_m2_plot,
          nrow = 1, common.legend = T, legend = "bottom", ncol=3, widths = c(1, 0.09, 1))
dev.off()